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Emotions

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Currently no definitive taxonomy of emotions exists. Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality and disposition, and motivation. Norman's [1] definition is that emotion works through neurochemical transmitters which influence areas of our brain and successively guide our behaviour and modify how we perceive information and make decisions. While Norman makes a fine distinction between affect and cognition, he also suggests that both are information-processing systems with different functionality. Moffat [2] introduced an interesting notion about the relationships between personality and emotion, which are distinguished along the two dimensions: duration (brief and permanent) and focus (focused and global). For example, an emotion might develop from brief affection into a long-term sentiment or a mood that occurs steadily might become a personality trait. The two dimensions can be plausibly identified at a cognitive level, making a strong case for the relation between emotion, cognition, and personality both at the surface and at a deep, structural level [3].

Contents

References

  1. ^ Norman, D. A. (2004). Emotional design. New York: Basic Books.
  2. ^ Moffat, D. (1980). Personality parameters and programs. In R. Trappl & P. Petta (Eds.), Creating personalities for synthetic actors (pp. 120-165). Berlin: Springer.
  3. ^ Nacke, L.E., Grimshaw, M. 2011. Player-game Interaction Through Affective Sound. In Game Sound Technology and Player Interaction: Concepts and Developments, Chapter 13. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global Publishing.

Influential theories

Relevance for brain and body interfaces

Emotions are usually assessed in brain and body interfaces through the use of EMG sensor technology applied to the human face (facial muscles such as corrugator supercilii indicate negative affective appraisal). The automatic recognition of a user’s affective state is still a major challenge in the emerging field of affective computing.

More Related Literature and Links

  • Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3–33). New York: Academic.
  • LeDoux, J. (1998). The Emotional Brain. London, UK: Orion Publishing Group.
  • Kleinginna, P. R., & Kleinginna, A. M. (1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and Emotion, 5(4), 345-379.
  • Panksepp, J. (2004). Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Ekman, P. (1992). An Argument for Basic Emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3/4), 169-200. doi:10.1080/02699939208411068
  • Ekman, P. (1992). Are There Basic Emotions? Psychological Review, 99(3), 550-553.
  • Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399.
  • Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145-172. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
  • Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion and emotion regulation. In Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 525-552). New York: Guilford.
  • Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). Emotion and Motivation. In Handbook of Psychphysiology (Vol. 3, pp. 581-607). New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1(3), 276-298.
  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex. Cereb. Cortex, 10(3), 295-307. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1-22.
  • Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, A. L. (1999). On The Dimensional and Hierarchical Structure of Affect. Psychological Science, 10(4), 297-303.
  • Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. Review of personality and social psychology, (13), 25-59.
  • Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 39(1/4), 106-124. doi:10.2307/1415404
  • James, W. (1994). The Physical Basis of Emotion. Psychological Review, 101(2), 205-10.
  • Lang, P. J. (1994). The Varieties of Emotional Experience: A Meditation on James-Lange Theory. Psychological Review, 101, 211-21.
  • James, W. (1884). What is an Emotion? Mind, 9(34), 188-205.
  • Russell, J. A. (1980). A Circumplex Model of Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178.
  • Peterson, B. S., Posner, J., Russell, J. A., Gerber, A., Gorman, D., Colibazzi, T., Yu, S., et al. (2009). The neurophysiological bases of emotion: An fMRI study of the affective circumplex using emotion-denoting words. Human Brain Mapping, 30(3), 883-895. doi:10.1002/hbm.20553
  • Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The Two General Activation Systems of Affect: Structural Findings, Evoluationary Considerations, and Psychobiological Evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 820-838.
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